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South Kivu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the current province. For the former district, see Sud-Kivu District.
South Kivu
Province
View of Kaziba Chiefdom
View of Kaziba Chiefdom
Official seal of South Kivu
Seal
South Kivu Province
South Kivu Province
Map
Interactive map of South Kivu Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
CountryDemocratic Republic of the Congo
Named afterLake Kivu
Capital
and largest city		Bukavu
Government
 • BodyProvincial Assembly of South Kivu
 • GovernorJean Jacques Purusi[1]
 • Deputy GovernorJean Elekano
Area
 • Total
65,070 km2 (25,120 sq mi)
 • Rank17th
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
7,066,400
 • Rank3rd
 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)
License Plate CodeDemocratic Republic of the Congo CGO / 22
Official languageFrench
National languageSwahili
HDI (2015)0.391[2]
low
Websitewww.sudkivu.cd Edit this at Wikidata

South Kivu (Swahili: Jimbo la Kivu Kusini; French: Sud-Kivu) is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[3] Its capital is Bukavu. Located within the East African Rift's western branch Albertine Rift, it is bordered to the east by Lake Kivu, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania; to the west by Maniema Province; to the north by North Kivu Province; and the south by Tanganyika Province.[4][5][6] The province covers an area of approximately 65,070 square kilometers (25,120 square miles) and has an estimated population of 7,066,400 as of 2020.[6][7]

The region has long been inhabited by various Bantu-speaking ethnic groups, including the Bamushi, Bafuliiru, Bahavu, Banyindu,[8][9][10] Babembe, Babuyu, Balega, Babwari,[11][12][13] Baholoholo, Banyanga, Bavira, Bakusu, Batembo, Barongeronge, and Baswaga, as well as Pygmy communities.[14][15][16][17] During the colonial period, the borders of the Congo Free State were established by the 1885 Berlin Conference, placing all of Lake Kivu and both banks of the Ruzizi River within the Free State.[18] The region's boundaries were later subject to disputes, including the Kivu frontier incident of 1909, which was resolved in 1910 when the eastern portion of Kivu was allocated to Uganda Protectorate and German East Africa.[18][19][20] Kivu District was formally created in 1912 and later divided into Sud-Kivu and Nord-Kivu Districts in 1954.[21] After a series of administrative reorganizations, South Kivu became a separate province in 1988, alongside North Kivu and Maniema.[22]

Administratively, South Kivu is divided into eight territories—Fizi, Idjwi, Kabare, Kalehe, Mwenga, Shabunda, Uvira, and Walungu—which are further subdivided into sectors and chiefdoms.[4] The province contains three officially recognized cities: Bukavu, Uvira, and Baraka.[23] Its economy is primarily based on agriculture, livestock farming, trade, and services.[24][25][26][27] Significant natural and cultural landmarks include the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, both designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as Idjwi Island, Lake Kivu beaches, and Kavumu Airport.

Since the First Congo War (1996–1997), South Kivu has experienced persistent armed conflict and instability, particularly during the Second Congo War (1998–2003).[28][29][30] The province has been a battleground for various armed groups, including the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD),[28][31] Mai-Mai local community-based militias as well as March M23 Movement (M23), RED-Tabara, Twirwaneho, Ngumino, and Android.[32][33][34] Ongoing insecurity, fueled by competition over natural resources has led to widespread human rights abuses, displacement of civilians, and humanitarian crises.[35][36][37]

Geography

[edit]
Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, South Kivu, October 2017

South Kivu is situated in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, forming part of the African Great Lakes region. It shares borders with North Kivu to the north, Maniema to the west, and Tanganyika to the south. To the east, the province is bounded by Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania.[4] The landscape is predominantly mountainous, with the Mitumba Mountain Range covering a significant portion of the province. Mount Kahuzi, standing at 3,308 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in South Kivu.[4][38] The province also encompasses the Albertine Rift Valley, which includes the Ruzizi Plain, as well as Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika.[4] In contrast, the western part of the province, particularly Shabunda Territory, consists of low-lying regions extending from the Maniema plateau, sloping gently toward the Congo River basin.[4]

Hydrology

[edit]

The province is home to two major lakes—Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika. Lake Kivu, situated at an altitude of 1,470 meters, is one of the deepest lakes in Africa and the second deepest in the world after Russia's Lake Baikal.[4][39] However, its fish population is relatively low due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane gas.[4] In contrast, Lake Tanganyika, which reaches a depth of 773 meters, is rich in fish and supports fishing activities in the region. These two lakes are connected by the Ruzizi River, which runs along the province's eastern border.[4] The province's rivers primarily belong to the Congo River basin, with most originating in the eastern mountain ranges and flowing westward into the Lualaba River. Some, however, drain directly into the province's lakes.[4]

The province is prone to seasonal flooding, particularly during the rainy season, which frequently disrupts infrastructure and settlements.[40][41][42][43]

Rice farming in the Ruzizi Plain

Geology

[edit]

South Kivu is geologically diverse, featuring volcanic formations, rift valleys, and sedimentary basins. The province contains several volcanoes, including Mount Kahuzi, Mount Muhi, Mount Biéga, Mount Kabobo, and Mount Matebo (also known as Mount Kamengele).[44][45] The province also lies within the Albertine Rift, a branch of the East African Rift system, which is characterized by tectonic activity that has shaped the region's deep valleys and steep escarpments.[46][47][48][4] This rift system has played a crucial role in the formation of Lakes Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, two of the province's defining geographical features.[49][50]

Ruzizi River, July 2010

In addition to its volcanic terrain, South Kivu contains extensive sedimentary basins, such as the Lake Kivu Basin, which have accumulated mineral-rich deposits over time. These include valuable resources such as gold, colombite tantalite (coltan), diamonds and wolframite as well as tin, monazite, limestone, cassiterite, methane gas and thermal waters.[51][52][53] The province's soil composition varies by region: Kabare, Idjwi, and Walungu territories have predominantly clayey soils, though these are increasingly degraded due to erosion and overpopulation, leading to frequent land disputes and a decline in livestock farming.[4] While Idjwi still retains fertile agricultural land, population pressures have made arable land scarce. Kalehe Territory has rich clay soils, benefiting from its proximity to forests and containing small gold deposits.[4] In contrast, the territories of Shabunda, Mwenga, and Fizi have sandy soils that support agriculture while also holding significant mineral wealth, including tin, gold, cassiterite, and coltan. Uvira Territory features sandy soils ideal for rice and cotton cultivation, while its high plateaus provide favorable conditions for livestock farming due to their mild climate.[4]

Climate

[edit]

The province's eastern mountainous region experiences a mild mountain climate with a 3 to 4-month dry season from June to September.[54] Cities like Bukavu and Uvira maintain an average annual temperature of 19 °C, while higher plateaus and mountains, such as Minembwe and Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, are even cooler, fostering layered and grassy mountain vegetation.[54]

Conversely, the central and western parts, including territories like Shabunda and Mwenga, feature an equatorial climate dominated by dense equatorial forests, with abundant rainfall throughout the year.[54] The Ruzizi Plain, however, presents a unique micro-climate—a tropical climate with a dry tendency and lower rainfall (± 1,000 mm/year). The region's vegetation is characterized by a grassy savannah with thorns and Myrtillocactus geometrizans, most notably in the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park.[54]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Approximate correspondence between historical and current province

[edit]
Approximate correspondence between historical and current province
Belgian Congo Republic of the Congo Zaire Democratic Republic of the Congo
1908 1919 1932 1947 1963 1966 1971 1988 1997 2015
22 districts 4 provinces 6 provinces 6 provinces 21 provinces + capital 8 provinces + capital 8 provinces + capital 11 provinces 11 provinces 26 provinces
Bas-Uele Orientale Stanleyville Orientale Uele Orientale Haut-Zaïre Orientale Bas-Uele
Haut-Uele Haut-Uele
Ituri Kibali-Ituri Ituri
Stanleyville Haut-Congo Tshopo
Aruwimi
Maniema Costermansville Kivu Maniema Kivu Maniema
Lowa
Kivu Nord-Kivu Nord-Kivu
Kivu-Central Sud-Kivu

South Kivu Province, like all other provinces, is administratively divided into territories and cities. Further subdivisions of territories are: chiefdoms or sectors, groupements (groupings), and villages.

Territories

[edit]
See also: Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Territories serve as the extensive arms of state administration, functioning as representatives of the central government. Each territory within the province is led by a Territorial Administrator and two Assistant Territorial Administrators.[54] Recognizing the vastness of the territories, administrative management positions are established, headed by resident assistant territorial administrators or administrative management position leaders, aiming to bridge the gap between governance and the governed.[54] Appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Security, territorial officials are included in the state's budgetary provisions. While they directly report to the Ministry of the Interior, they are also accountable to the governor, who acts as the representative of both the President in the province and the Ministry of the Interior. The primary role of territorial administrators is to represent the state at the local level and oversee chiefdoms (collectivités).[55]

South Kivu Province is divided into eight territories:

Cities

[edit]

The city is a decentralized administrative unit with legal status.[56] Cities are led by mayors appointed by presidential decree, as advised by the Ministry of the Interior and Security. The mayor has a deputy mayor, appointed in the same way.[56] The mayor is under the hierarchical authority of the provincial governor.[56] South Kivu has three main cities of significance: Baraka, Bukavu (the provincial capital), and Uvira.[57][58][59] The northern town of Minova expanded rapidly from 1994 to 2012 with a steady inflow of refugees following the Rwandan genocide as well as both First and Second Congo Wars, along with ongoing regional conflicts.[60][61]

The city of Bukavu has experienced an exponential urban growth since colonial times. Sadiki et al. (2010) report about 620,000 inhabitants for 2008. The population growth rate increased incredibly in 2002 due to the entry of massive population from Goma after the Nyiragongo eruption of 17 January 2002.[62]

Chiefdoms and sectors

[edit]
See also: Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Traditional authority is vested in chieftaincies, also known as collectivities (collectivités) and sectors. The selection of the powerholder within a chiefdom or sector is determined by ethnic traditions and later recognized or formalized by the state, following traditional norms. The leader of a chiefdom carries the honored title of "mwami" (king). The chiefdom is further subdivided into groupements (groupings), which extend the reach of traditional authority to regrouped villages (localités). Village heads and chiefs manage administrative and governance duties in their respective areas.[55]

Some of the notable chiefdoms and sectors in South Kivu:

Groupements and villages

[edit]

Health districts

[edit]

South Kivu is divided into 34 health zones (zones de santé). These are grouped into five health districts (districts de santé). These districts do not match the geography of the territories.

History

[edit]

South Kivu Province was created from Sud-Kivu District in 1989, when the existing Kivu Province was divided into three parts (South Kivu, North Kivu and Maniema).[63][64][65]

Conflict and insecurity

[edit]

First Congo War

[edit]
See also: First Congo War

For three decades, the region has been plagued by armed conflicts and violence. Various armed groups and militias have operated in the area, leading to displacement, human rights abuses, and the disruption of essential services.[66][67][68]

At the outset of the First Congo War, South Kivu played a key role as a battleground for the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Its plateaus and hills served as strategic strongholds for the advancing AFDL forces, who aimed to pursue Hutu refugees, particularly the ex-FAR/Interahamwe, while simultaneously seeking to overthrow Mobutu's government. This response was prompted by the mistreatment of Tutsi civilians under Mobutu's regime, which subjected them to arbitrary arrests and detentions conducted by Zairian police and soldiers.[69][70][71]

The Lemera Hospital, where the Lemera massacre took place

The AFDL's pursuit of Hutu refugees led to widespread violence and atrocities.[72] The AFDL forces, resorting to indiscriminate killings, mass executions, and acts of torture, initiated the First Congo War with a massacre in the Lemera groupement (grouping) of South Kivu, on October 6, 1996. The massacre claimed the lives of several dozen individuals. In a hospital massacre, 37 individuals, including two medical personnel, were killed.[70][73] On October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians in Rubenga, a village in South Kivu.[74] Another attack occurred on October 21, 1996, in Lubarika village, where an unknown number of Rwandan and Burundian refugees, along with Zairian civilians, were killed by the AFDL forces. Local people were coerced into burying the bodies in four large mass graves.[75] In Kamanyola, on October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians, disposing of their bodies in pit latrines.[72] The AFDL persisted in launching attacks on South Kivu's refugee camps, rivers, airports, and densely populated villages. They carried out civilian executions and acts of terrorism against Zairian civilians in various locations, including Nyantende, Bukavu, Lwakabiri, Kashusha, Ulindi River, Kigulube, Ivela, Balika, Kavumu Airport, Lulingu, and Keisha.[76][77] In May 1997, the AFDL gained control over significant parts of the country and captured the capital, Kinshasa. Mobutu fled the country and Laurent-Désiré Kabila assumed leadership, renaming the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[78][79]

Second Congo War

[edit]
See also: Second Congo War

From late 1997 onwards, the relationship between President Laurent-Désiré Kabila, Rwanda and the Tutsi soldiers present in the AFDL deteriorated. Laurent-Désiré Kabila's government faced multiple accusations of marginalizing Tutsi political factions, excluding them from his administration, and displaying preferential treatment toward his Katanga clan.[80] In July 1998, driven by fears of a coup d'état, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila relieved Rwandan General James Kabarebe of his position as Chief of Staff of the AFDL, while also issuing an order for the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) soldiers to withdraw from Congolese territory.[81] In response, on 2 August 1998, a faction of Tutsi soldiers mutinied and, with the assistance of the AFDL, the Banyamulenge militias, the Ugandan army (Ugandan People's Defence Force; UPDF), and the Burundi army (Forces Armées Burundaises; FAB), launched a rebellion aimed at overthrowing President Laurent-Désiré Kabila.[80][82] Within a few weeks, this coalition formed the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD) and gained control over major urban centers in North and South Kivu, Orientale Province, North Katanga, and even managed to penetrate into the Équateur Province. The war resulted in wide-scale displacement, famine, and a staggering loss of lives. Numerous rebel groups and militias emerged, further intensifying the violence and leading to pervasive human rights violations, including large-scale massacres and incidents of sexual violence.[82][83][84] On August 6, 1998, factions of the ANC/RPA/FAB perpetrated a massacre, claiming the lives of numerous civilians in Uvira, in South Kivu.[85] As civilians sought shelter or attempted to flee the combat zone, they fell victim to the FAC in confrontations, resulting in hundreds of fatalities. Moreover, on the same day, members of the ANC, the armed wing of the RCD rebel, killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule in South Kivu.[85] Another massacre unfolded as elements of the ANC/RPA claimed the lives of 15 individuals in the vicinity of Kivovo, Kigongo, and Kalungwe, all situated in South Kivu. The victims suffered from dagger wounds or were shot near the primary port in Kalundu and at the facilities of SEP Congo.[85] On August 24, 1998, RCD forces and Rwandan soldiers unleashed a massacre in Kasika and neighboring villages in South Kivu, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,000 people, as reported by the United Nations Mapping Report.[85][86] The majority of the recovered bodies, predominantly women and children, were discovered on the 60-kilometer journey from Kilungutwe village to Kasika.[87][88] Prior to their murders, the women were subjected to rape followed by brutal disembowelment using daggers.[86][89] From December 30, 1998, to January 2, 1999, RCD forces committed another massacre, claiming the lives of over 800 civilians, primarily belonging to the Babembe community, in the small village of Makobola in South Kivu. Many victims endured machete attacks or were shot at close range, while others met their demise through burning or drowning in nearby rivers. Infants and young children were callously thrown into deep pit latrines, left to perish, while adults who dared to disobey orders and attempted to escape were met with bullets.[90][91] On May 14, 2000, members of the ANC conducted a massacre resulting in 300 deaths in the village of Katogota in South Kivu.[92][93][94]

The war officially ended in 2003 with the signing of the Sun City Agreement, which aimed to establish a transitional government and promote peace and stability in the DRC. However, sporadic violence and conflicts in the region persisted even after the official end of the war.[81]

War and human rights

[edit]

The Banyamulenge, who actively aligned themselves with the AFDL and RCD factions throughout the duration of the Second Congo War, have been subject to widespread disdain among many Congolese due to their alleged involvement in a range of nefarious activities. These accusations include launching assaults on refugee camps and densely populated villages, engaging in civilian executions, and orchestrating acts of terrorism targeting Zairian civilians across various regions of South and North Kivu. Consequently, a considerable number of Congolese view the Banyamulenge as unwelcome intruders encroaching upon their native territories, thereby intensifying the deep-rooted animosity directed towards them.[95][96]

Victims of sexual violence in the town Bunyakiri in the Kalehe Territory of the South Kivu Province, August 2010

The UN estimates that in 2005, approximately 45,000 women were raped in South Kivu.[97] It forms various armed groups, including the Rwandan-backed armed groups, Banyamulenge armed groups, Raia Mutomboki, Mai-Mai militias, ADF (Allied Democratic Forces) and FDLR. There have been numerous accounts and allegations of sexual violence perpetrated by members of the Congolese army (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo; FARDC) in eastern Congo. The 10th Military Region of the newly established Congolese military, led by General Pacifique Masunzu, whose undisciplined former factional soldiers are responsible for human rights violations due to a continuing culture of impunity for military personnel, compounded by challenging living conditions, inadequate remuneration, and insufficient training.[66][68][98] Masunzu is Munyamulenge (South Kivu Banyamulenge Tutsi) who broke with the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) back in 2003. He was formerly commander of the 122nd Brigade in the Minembwe area, who in 2005 rebelled against the authorities in defence of the Congolese Banyamulenge, against harassment and physical abuse. Also previously former second in command of 4th Military Region in Kasai-Occidental. Africa Confidential said in 2011 that he 'clearly remains implacably opposed to the Rwandan government.'[99][100] His deputy Colonel Baudouin Nakabaka is a former Mai-Mai fighter with close links to the FDLR. In July 2007, United Nations human rights expert Yakin Erturk called the situation in South Kivu the worst she has ever seen in four years as the global body's special investigator for violence against women. Sexual violence throughout Congo is "rampant," she said, blaming rebel groups, the armed forces and national police. Her statement included that "Frequently women are shot or stabbed in their genital organs, after they are raped. Women, who survived months of enslavement, told me that their tormentors had forced them to eat excrement or the human flesh of murdered relatives."[101]

In June 2014, around 35 people were killed in an attack in the South Kivu village of Mutarule. The attack was apparently part of dispute over cattle.[102]

On 7 August 2015 the 2015 South Kivu earthquake, a magnitude 5.8 earthquake, struck 35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Kabare at a depth of 12.0 km (7.5 mi).[103] One policeman was killed.

On July 16, 2020, the Ngumino and Twiganeho militias of the Banyamulenge community perpetrated the Kipupu massacre, which claimed the lives of 220 people in South Kivu village of Kipupu, as reported by provincial lawmakers.[104][105]

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Further reading

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